The history of jazz – an art form that has been saddled with the problematic descriptor “America’s Classical Music” for decades – is widely known as the story of cultural collisions, discrimination, oppression, slavery, creativity, resourcefulness, and liberation.
And though the drums ringing in Congo Square by African slaves in the 1740s led directly to the evolution of uniquely American music – the blues and eventually jazz – the art’s development in the early 20th century included foundational contributions by another persecuted population subjected to white dominance, marginalization, and subjugation – communities that inhabited the North American continent for thousands of years before the arrival of white Europeans.
It would be a mistake to believe that the work of the artists performing during our Indigenous Songbook week (8/15-18) is intended to “bridge musical worlds” or create an unprecedented new fusion from disparate musical traditions. Rather, they are all part of a continuum, expanding and building upon a history that their forebears helped pioneer and that extends back more than a millennium to the music’s origins. Let’s take a closer look at several notable artists who helped write the Indigenous history of jazz, beginning with the Swing Era vocalist Mildred Bailey.
Born and raised on the Coeur d’Alene reservation in Idaho, Bailey was widely known as both “Mrs. Swing” and “The Queen of Swing,” and was among the first jazz artists of Indigenous heritage to enjoy widespread popularity, initially finding regional fame on the West Coast in the mid 1920s. Inspired by pioneering singers Ethel Waters and Bessie Smith and a veteran of work with Bing Crosby and the Dorsey Brothers, Bailey gained national exposure in the early 30s through her association with Paul Whiteman’s orchestra, with whom she recorded her signature song “Rockin’ Chair,” as well as with the “King of Swing,” clarinetist Benny Goodman, and Bailey’s then-husband, the vibraphonist and bandleader Red Norvo.
Trombonist “Big Chief” Russell Moore was a member of the Pima tribe, born in Arizona on the Gila River Community reservation in 1912. As with many other Native children, Moore was exposed to white culture through government-established schools that were designed to assimilate the Indigenous population into white society. Coming of age in the Swing era, he joined the high-profile band of vibraphonist Lionel Hampton in 1935 and worked steadily through the 1970s with artists including Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet, Pee Wee Russell, Mezz Mezzrow, and Frank Sinatra. Not one to shy away from his background, Moore embraced the nickname “Big Chief” and was extremely active in the Native American community, encouraging Indigenous youth to take pride in their heritage.
Though Bailey and Moore grew up on reservations, many artists of Indigenous heritage were raised in major cities, as was the case with saxophonist and bebop icon Charlie Parker, a Kansas City native whose mother Addie Bailey was of Choctaw descent. Though he was known as “Yardbird” (later shortened to “Bird”), Parker’s less known nickname was “Indian” early in his career, and he felt a deep connection to the 1938 Ray Noble standard “Cherokee” from his teens, playing it incessantly at performances and recording multiple versions his own tune “Ko Ko” based on the “Cherokee” changes, including a particularly fiery version in November of 1945 that featured his fellow bebop innovator Dizzy Gillespie on trumpet, himself of Cheraw lineage. Parker went on to compose and record “Mohawk” – a sinuous blues inspired by his background that was part of his final recording session with Gillespie in 1950.
Oklahoma-born bassist Oscar Pettiford – a masterful instrumentalist of Choctaw and Cherokee lineage – was described by bass master Christian McBride as “probably the most important bass player of that bebop generation,” and other major artists of Cherokee descent included trumpet icon Miles Davis, the legendary Duke Ellington, and Modern Jazz Quartet pianist John Lewis.
Trumpeter Don Cherry, pianist Thelonious Monk, drummer Max Roach, bassist Charles Mingus, saxophonist Charles Lloyd, and clarinetist Pee Wee Russell all possessed Native lineage, and Louisiana-born saxophonist Jean Baptiste “Illinois” Jacquet received his famous nickname from his mother, a full-blooded member of the Sioux nation, which was taken from their word “Illiniwek,” meaning “superior man.”
In the late 1960s, Salem, Oregon-born saxophonist Jim Pepper gained recognition for his work in the early jazz-rock fusion band The Free Spirits and worked extensively with drummer Paul Motian’s bands as well as bassist Charlie Haden’s Liberation Music Orchestra and the exploratory pianist Mal Waldron. He had a pop hit with “Witchi Tai To” in 1969 with the band Everything is Everything (a song that boasts the only Native American chant to make the Billboard pop chart), and he was encouraged by trumpeter Don Cherry to bring more of his Native heritage into his own music. His 1971 debut release Pepper’s Pow Wow is an early fusion classic featuring guitarist Larry Coryell, pianist Tom Grant, and drummer Billy Cobham, among others. He released a dozen albums before passing away from lymphoma at the age of 50 and was posthumously granted the Lifetime Musical Achievement Award by the non-profit organization First Americans in the Arts in 1999. In 2023, his former Portland, Oregon home was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its significance to Indigenous history.
Our week with Indigenous artists carries on this deep connection.
The concerts kick off with trumpeter Delbert Anderson, a member of the Navajo tribe raised in Shiprock, New Mexico who has worked with T.S Monk, Bobby Watson, and Brad Goode. His compositions illuminate the indigenous traditions of Northern New Mexico with settings of Diné, or Navajo, folk songs named for the spinning dance that often accompanies them — songs steeped in ancient Diné principles of Hózhó (harmony), beauty, and balance with oneself, with others, and with nature. Anderson and his band perform 8/15.
“A songbird of a jazz vocalist” (The New York Times), Julia Keefe is a singer, educator, and activist based in New York whose latest work is The Mildred Bailey Project, the heartfelt tribute to the Queen of Swing she brings to SFJAZZ. Paralleling Bailey’s life, Keefe is also an Idaho-born singer of Indigenous heritage – in Keefe’s case as part of the Nez Perse community – with a masterful command of the Great American Songbook. In addition to leading the Julia Keefe Indigenous Big Band, she’s worked with Jim McNeely, Emmet Cohen, and the Lionel Hampton Big Band, among others. Keefe performs 8/16.
Oakland-based rapper, producer, and songwriter Chhoti Maa is the brainchild of educator and organizer Vreni Michelini Castillo, with music based in cumbia, migrant soul, neufolk, R&B, hip-hop, and the oral tradition. Hailing from Guanajuato, Mexico, Castillo is a multidisciplinary cultural producer and curator who debuted Chhoti Maa in 2007 within the migrant rights movement and hip-hop scene of Richmond, VA. They’ve released a pair of full-length albums, Agua Corre in 2016 and 2018’s Caldo de Hueso, and their newest album, 7 Luminarias, is set to release this year. Chhoti Maa performs 8/17.
For the close of the week and Summer Sessions 2024, “The lyrical genius of the trumpet” (Chicago Tribune) performs with “one of the greatest living tenor saxophonists, at the top of his game" (All About Jazz), revisiting the alchemy from their collaborative 2019 Origin Records quintet album That’s Right! A multi-instrumentalist, bandleader, and composer, Brad Goode has built an impressive career, primarily as a gifted trumpeter who was mentored by the legendary Clark Terry. A master musician synonymous with the L.A. jazz scene, two-time GRAMMY-winning saxophonist Ernie Watts is known for his work with Charlie Haden’s Quartet West, Bobby Hutcherson, and Dizzy Gillespie as well as pop icons The Rolling Stones, Cher, and Paul McCartney. He’s released over 20 albums as a leader and regularly honors his Indigenous heritage through his work, often performing on a Native-made wooden flute. Brad Goode and Ernie Watts perform 8/18.
On 11/7, bassist, vocalist, and bandleader Mali Obomsawin performs in the Joe Henderson Lab as part of the upcoming 2024-25 Season. An Abenaki from Odanak First Nation, Obomsawin studied with the renowned cornetist and composer Taylor Ho Bynum at Dartmouth, an institution originally founded in the 18th century to educate the Wabanaki people, and they discovered the archived and unheard field recordings of their Odanak ancestors in storage – recordings that have been integrated into Obomsawin’s latest project, Sweet Tooth.
Our Indigenous Songbook week runs 8/15-18. Tickets and more information are available here.